Tech glossary.
Plain-language terms, no jargon left unexplained. Click any term for the full picture and what it means for you.
Browse technology terms
4K / 8K Resolution
Names for display pixel grids: consumer 4K often means 3840 × 2160 and 8K often means 7680 × 4320. More pixels can show finer detail, but the benefit depends on screen size, viewing distance, source quality and graphics capability.
AIO Liquid Cooling
A sealed liquid-cooling unit that moves heat from a processor to a radiator and fans. Cooling and noise depend on the specific model, case airflow and installation; a good air cooler can also perform well.
Air Cooling
Using a metal heatsink and airflow, usually from fans, to move heat away from a processor or other component. Results depend on cooler size, mounting, case airflow and heat output; it does not imply a fixed noise or performance level.
Anti-Static Wrist Strap
A strap used during electronics work to reduce electrostatic discharge by connecting the wearer to an appropriate ground. It must be used correctly and does not replace powering down and following device-specific safety steps.
ATX / Micro-ATX / Mini-ITX
Common motherboard size standards that affect case fit, expansion space and layout. Smaller boards do not automatically use less power or perform worse; check the exact case, cooler, slot and connector requirements.
Beep Codes
Audio signals some computers emit during startup when firmware detects a problem. The meaning of each pattern depends on the motherboard or computer manufacturer.
Benchmark
A repeatable workload used to measure a component or system under specified conditions. Scores are useful only when the test version, settings, temperature and hardware context are comparable to the task you care about.
BIOS
Firmware that initializes computer hardware and starts the boot process; modern PCs commonly use UEFI firmware instead of legacy BIOS. Setup options and recovery steps depend on the device maker.
Bluetooth
A family of short-range wireless technologies used for accessories and device-to-device communication. Range, audio features and compatibility depend on the versions, devices and radio conditions.
Boot Loop
A fault where a device restarts repeatedly instead of finishing startup.
Bottleneck
A part of a system or task that limits overall throughput. The limiting part can change with the application, scene and settings, so one component is not permanently the bottleneck in every workload.
BSOD
A Windows stop error that halts the system after a serious fault. Drivers, hardware, firmware and software can contribute; the stop code and recent changes help narrow the cause.
Cable Management
Routing and securing cables so they avoid fans, connectors remain accessible and the build is easier to service. Tidier cables can help airflow in some cases, but appearance alone does not prove cooler operation.
Cache
Fast storage that keeps data likely to be used again close to where it is needed. CPUs, drives and software use different kinds of cache; capacity alone does not determine overall speed.
Capacitor (Bulging/Leaking)
A visibly swollen or leaking capacitor may indicate failing electronics. The symptom alone does not identify every possible cause of a shutdown, and opening a power supply can be dangerous.
Case Airflow (Positive/Negative Pressure)
The balance of air entering and leaving a PC case through fans and openings. Fan placement, filters and restrictions matter as much as the simple positive or negative pressure label.
Chipset
A set of motherboard controller functions that provides connections and features beyond those built into the processor. Its role varies by platform and generation.
Clock Speed (GHz)
A processor clock rate measured in cycles per second. It is one input to performance, but architecture, work per cycle, core use, power limits and cooling also matter; GHz alone cannot compare unlike CPUs.
Component Compatibility
Making sure CPU, motherboard, RAM, PSU and case all work together correctly before building or upgrading a PC.
Core Count
The number of processing cores in a CPU. More cores can help workloads that divide work across them, while lightly threaded tasks also depend on per-core performance and system limits.
CPU
The central processor that executes instructions and coordinates much of a computer’s work. Gaming and application speed also depend on memory, graphics, storage and the particular workload.
Data Recovery
Attempting to retrieve data from a deleted, damaged, corrupted or inaccessible source. Success depends on the failure and later device use; stop unnecessary writes when important files may still be recoverable.
Dead Pixel
A display pixel that fails to change as expected and may appear dark or stuck on one colour. Warranty treatment depends on the manufacturer and panel policy.
Diagnostic POST Code
A firmware diagnostic code shown during startup that points to the stage where initialization stopped. Interpret it using the exact motherboard documentation; it is not a definitive component diagnosis by itself.
Disk Cloning
Copying a disk or its partitions to another drive, often for a replacement or upgrade. Booting and activation may still need adjustments when drive size, encryption or hardware changes.
DisplayPort
A digital display interface used on many computers and monitors for video and sometimes audio. Resolution and refresh support depend on the port version, cable, display and graphics device.
Driver
Software that lets an operating system communicate with a particular hardware device or function. A driver update can fix a problem, but the right version and device support must be checked.
Dual Channel Memory
A memory configuration that lets a compatible controller use two channels in parallel. Performance gains depend on module placement, capacity, platform and workload.
Dust Buildup
Dust inside a device can obstruct airflow and raise operating temperatures. Whether it reduces performance depends on the device, cooling design and workload.
End of Life (EOL)
The point when a product reaches the end of a defined sale or support period. Security updates may stop on a different date, so check the manufacturer's lifecycle notice.
External Enclosure
A housing that connects a compatible internal drive to a computer through USB or another interface. It can help access an old drive, but encryption, drive failure or connector mismatch may still prevent recovery.
Factory Reset
Returning a device to its default software state and usually removing user accounts and data from normal access. Before selling a device, follow its specific secure-erasure and account-removal instructions.
Fan Curve
A setting that controls how fast case or CPU fans spin as temperatures rise, balancing cooling and noise.
Firmware
Software stored on a device that controls its low-level operation, such as startup or radio behaviour. Firmware differs from a user app; updates and recovery methods depend on the manufacturer.
Firmware Update
A new version of a device’s low-level software that may fix defects, add compatibility or address security issues. Use the correct manufacturer release and follow its power and recovery instructions.
Form Factor
The physical size and shape standard a component or case is built to, so parts fit together.
Formatting
Preparing a storage volume with a filesystem, usually removing its existing file references. A quick format is not a secure erasure method.
Frame Rate (FPS)
The number of frames a game or video produces each second. A higher rate can look smoother when frame pacing and the display also support it.
G-Sync / FreeSync
Families of variable-refresh technology that align a compatible display's refresh timing with frames from the graphics device. They can reduce tearing and some stutter within supported ranges.
GPU
A graphics processor that performs highly parallel work for drawing images and, in some applications, computation. Gaming performance also depends on the game, CPU, memory, display target and graphics settings.
Hard Reset vs Soft Reset
A soft reset is a normal restart through software; a hard reset forces a restart or power cycle when the device is unresponsive. Neither automatically removes personal data.
Hardware Diagnostic Tool
Software or equipment used to test a component or record errors. A passed test does not prove a part is fault-free, and a failure needs interpretation in context.
HDD
A hard disk drive stores data on spinning magnetic platters. It often offers large capacity at a lower price per unit than an SSD, but speed, noise and reliability vary by model and workload.
HDD Clicking / Bad Sectors
Repeated unusual clicks or increasing unreadable sectors can be warning signs of drive failure. If important data is at risk, stop unnecessary use and make a recovery plan; not every audible click is a fault.
HDMI
A digital interface that carries video and often audio between compatible devices. Resolution, refresh rate and features depend on both ports, the cable and their supported versions.
Heatsink
A metal part that spreads heat from a component into surrounding air or another cooling medium. Contact, mounting and airflow determine how effectively the whole cooler works.
Hot-Swap
Replacing a supported component without fully shutting down the system. The controller, enclosure, operating system and component must all support it; removing an active drive unsafely can lose data.
IPS vs VA vs TN Panel
LCD panel families with different typical viewing-angle, contrast and response characteristics. Individual monitors vary widely, so measured performance and intended use matter more than panel labels alone.
KVM Switch
A device that lets one keyboard, monitor and mouse control several computers.
Laptop Hinge Repair
Fixing or replacing the mechanism that lets a laptop screen open and close, a common wear point on older laptops.
Laptop Keyboard Replacement
Replacing a damaged or unresponsive laptop keyboard. Cost and difficulty depend on whether the keyboard is separate or built into the upper case.
Legacy BIOS vs UEFI
Older BIOS firmware and newer UEFI firmware are different approaches to starting and configuring a PC. Boot capability depends on firmware, disk layout and operating-system support rather than an automatic speed advantage.
Liquid Metal (Thermal Compound)
A thermally conductive compound used in some high-performance cooling setups. It is electrically conductive and can damage components if applied or contained incorrectly; material compatibility also matters.
M.2 Slot
A compact internal connector that can support SSDs or other modules. Check the slot's keying and whether it supports SATA, PCIe or both before buying a drive.
Memory Timings (CL / Latency)
Settings that describe delays between memory operations, including CAS latency. Compare them together with transfer rate, memory generation and workload; a lower CL number by itself does not prove faster RAM.
Motherboard
The main circuit board that links the CPU, memory, storage and expansion devices. Its socket, firmware, power design and connectors determine which parts and features a build can use.
NVMe
A storage communication protocol designed for non-volatile memory, commonly used by SSDs over PCI Express. NVMe describes how the device communicates, not its physical size or connector alone.
OEM vs Retail Parts
OEM components are supplied through original-equipment channels, while retail versions are sold directly to consumers. Packaging, support and warranty terms depend on the manufacturer and seller.
Overclocking
Running a component above its standard operating settings to seek more performance. The gain varies and may increase heat, power use or instability; support and warranty terms depend on the product.
Overheating Protection
Hardware or firmware safeguards that may reduce speed or shut a device down when temperatures exceed limits. Protection does not mean sustained overheating is harmless; the cooling cause still needs checking.
Partition
A defined region of a storage device that an operating system can manage as a separate volume. A second partition on the same drive does not protect against physical drive failure.
PCB (Printed Circuit Board)
The board that physically holds and electrically connects a device's components.
PCIe
A high-speed internal expansion interface used by graphics cards, SSDs and other devices. Fit and speed depend on slot size, lane count, generation and how the motherboard allocates lanes.
POST (Power-On Self-Test)
The check a computer runs automatically when switched on, before the operating system starts.
Power Cycling
Switching a device off, waiting briefly and turning it back on to clear a temporary state. It can help with a frozen device but is not a diagnosis or a guaranteed fix.
PSU
A power-supply unit that converts incoming electrical power to the voltages a computer uses. Capacity, connectors, quality and protection features must fit the complete system.
RAID
A way to combine drives for redundancy, capacity or performance, depending on the RAID level. RAID does not replace a separate, tested backup.
RAM
Working memory used by running programs and the operating system. More capacity helps when a workload runs short of RAM, but speed and configuration also matter and excess unused capacity does not automatically make a PC faster.
RAM Upgrade
Adding or replacing memory modules to increase available RAM. It helps when the current workload is memory-limited and the device supports the selected modules.
Refresh Rate
How often a display can redraw its image each second, measured in hertz. A higher rate can make motion look smoother when the source produces suitable frames and the connection supports that mode.
RGB Lighting
Customisable, colour-changing lighting fitted inside a PC case, purely cosmetic.
Riser Cable
A cable that relocates a PCIe expansion card, often for a vertical graphics-card mount. Its generation, signal quality, routing and case clearance must suit the card and motherboard.
SATA
A storage interface used by many hard drives and SSDs. SATA and NVMe describe different connection approaches; actual speed depends on the drive and system.
Screen Bleed / Backlight Bleed
Light leaking around the edges of a screen in dark scenes, a common cosmetic issue on LCD panels.
SMART Status (Drive Health)
Health indicators reported by many storage drives, including error and wear counts. Warnings deserve prompt backup, while a healthy report does not guarantee that a drive cannot fail.
SODIMM
A compact memory-module form factor used by many laptops and small computers. Modules must match the device’s supported memory generation, capacity and installation rules.
Spare Parts Sourcing
Finding genuine or compatible replacement parts for repairs, especially for older or less common device models.
SSD
A solid-state drive that stores data in flash memory without spinning disks. Performance varies widely by interface, controller, capacity and workload.
Static Discharge
A transfer of built-up electrical charge that can damage sensitive electronics, sometimes without a visible spark. Use suitable handling and grounding procedures when working inside a device.
Surge Protector
A device designed to limit some voltage spikes reaching connected equipment. Protection has limits and depends on the device rating, wiring and type of surge.
Thermal Paste
A material placed between a processor and cooler to fill tiny surface gaps and help transfer heat. Replace it when the cooler is removed or when inspection shows a problem; service life varies.
Thermal Throttling
Automatic reduction of component speed to stay within a temperature or power limit. It can protect hardware but may reduce performance; monitoring under the actual workload helps identify the cause.
Thunderbolt
A high-speed connection technology that can carry data and display signals through supported ports. A USB-C-shaped port does not necessarily support Thunderbolt; check the computer, cable, dock and device.
TPM Chip
A security component or firmware implementation that protects cryptographic keys and supports device trust features. Supported Windows 11 installations normally require TPM 2.0; a separate physical chip is not always necessary.
Undervolting
Reducing a component's operating voltage, often to lower power draw and heat. Stability and performance must be tested; results vary by hardware and settings.
UPS (Battery Backup)
An uninterruptible power supply that can keep connected equipment running briefly during a power cut and allow a controlled shutdown. Runtime depends on battery condition, load and the unit rating.
USB-C
A reversible connector shape used by many devices. Data rate, charging power and display support vary by port, cable and device; the shape alone does not promise USB4, video output or fast charging.
VRM (Voltage Regulator Module)
Circuitry that converts and regulates power for a CPU or other component. Adequate design and cooling matter for stable operation, especially under high sustained loads; a phase count alone is not a quality rating.
Warranty RMA
A return-material authorisation or similar process for inspection, repair or replacement under a seller or manufacturer policy. Eligibility, shipping costs and remedy depend on the terms and applicable law.
5G
A family of cellular-network standards succeeding 4G. Real-world speed and coverage depend on the operator, frequency band, device and location.
Access Point
A device that provides a Wi-Fi connection to a local network. Many use a wired uplink, while mesh or bridge configurations can use a wireless one.
ADSL
A broadband technology that carries data over a copper telephone line, with download and upload rates that differ. Actual speed depends on line length and quality, provider equipment and plan; fibre-based service may be available at a particular address.
Bandwidth
The amount of data a link can carry per unit of time, commonly stated in bits per second. Available bandwidth is shared by active traffic; it is different from the delay before a response arrives.
Bufferbloat
Excessive delay caused when too much traffic waits in network equipment queues, often during a busy upload or download. A speed test can look fast while calls or games respond poorly; queue management may help.
Captive Portal
A sign-in, payment or terms page presented before a network grants wider access. Seeing a portal does not by itself prove the hotspot is genuine or that later traffic is private.
CGNAT
An ISP practice of sharing one public IP address among many customers, which can complicate remote access and port forwarding.
DHCP
A network service that lends devices IP configuration such as an address, gateway and DNS settings. Home routers often provide it, but the service can also run elsewhere on a network.
DMZ (Networking)
A network segment intended to separate internet-facing services from private devices; some home routers instead label an exposed-host setting “DMZ”. The exposed-host setting may forward unsolicited traffic to one device and needs careful security review.
DNS
The distributed naming system that helps turn a domain name into records such as an IP address. DNS resolution is one step in reaching a site; it does not guarantee that the destination is safe.
Dual WAN
A router feature that uses two internet connections for failover or traffic distribution. It does not automatically combine both connections into a faster single download.
Dual-Band / Tri-Band WiFi
Dual-band Wi-Fi equipment has two radio bands, while tri-band equipment has three; the bands may include more than one radio in the same frequency range. Benefits depend on devices and network layout.
Ethernet
A wired networking family used over copper or fibre links. A suitable Ethernet link often gives predictable latency and throughput, but performance still depends on the equipment and network.
Fibre Internet
An internet service that carries data over optical fibre for some or all of the route. Available speed and reliability depend on the access technology, provider, plan and installation.
Firewall (Network)
A network device or service that permits or blocks traffic according to configured rules. It can reduce unwanted connections but cannot judge every allowed website, file or user action.
Gateway
A router or other network node that forwards traffic from one network toward another. A home device often combines the default gateway, Wi-Fi access point, firewall and internet modem functions.
Guest Network
A separate network name or segment intended for visitors. Isolation from private devices depends on how the router or access points are configured.
IP Address
A network address used to route data to an interface, either locally or across the internet. Addresses can be private or public, temporary or stable; one address does not reliably identify a person.
ISP
Internet Service Provider, the company that supplies your internet connection.
Jitter
Variation in packet delay over time. High jitter can disrupt real-time voice, video or games even when average throughput is high; the effect depends on the application and buffering.
Latency / Ping
Latency is the delay for data to travel between endpoints; a ping test commonly reports a round-trip time. Results vary with route and congestion and do not describe download capacity on their own.
MAC Address
A network-interface identifier used on a local link. Modern devices may randomise or change the address, so it is not a permanent or trustworthy identifier for a person or device.
Mesh Backhaul
The connection carrying traffic between mesh units. It can use a wired link or a wireless radio, with performance depending on equipment, placement and interference.
Mesh vs Extender
Mesh systems coordinate multiple Wi-Fi nodes, while a basic range extender repeats an existing signal. Either can share a network name; roaming quality depends on the hardware and configuration.
Modem
Equipment that adapts a connection to an internet provider’s access network, such as cable or DSL. Fibre installations may use an optical network terminal instead; some provider devices also contain a router and Wi-Fi access point.
MU-MIMO
A Wi-Fi radio feature that can serve compatible clients in parallel under suitable conditions. The benefit depends on access point and client support, signal conditions and traffic; it does not make every device faster.
NAS
Network-attached storage: a device or server that shares files over a network with authorised users and devices. Access permissions and backup still matter; a NAS is not automatically a separate backup.
Network Switch
A device that connects multiple wired devices together on the same local network.
Packet Loss
A portion of data packets failing to reach their destination. Applications may retransmit some traffic, while calls and games can show gaps or lag; loss can arise from several points along the path.
Parental Controls (Router)
Router-level settings that restrict internet access, content or hours for specific devices.
Port Forwarding
A router rule that directs selected incoming traffic on a port to a device inside a network. It may be needed for a hosted service, but it increases exposure and can fail when the provider uses carrier-grade NAT.
Port Triggering
A router feature that opens selected incoming ports temporarily after matching outbound traffic. Behaviour differs by router and application; it is not a general substitute for secure remote-access design.
Powerline Adapter
Networking equipment that carries data over a building’s electrical wiring. Results depend on the wiring, circuit layout and electrical noise, so it should be tested at the intended sockets.
QoS (Quality of Service)
Rules that classify or prioritise network traffic, sometimes combined with queue management. They can improve responsiveness under congestion when configured well, but cannot increase the internet plan’s raw capacity.
Router vs Access Point
A router forwards traffic between networks and commonly manages the internet connection; an access point provides Wi-Fi access to a local network. Some home devices combine both roles.
Starlink
A satellite internet service that can serve properties where terrestrial connections are limited or unsuitable. Actual suitability depends on sky visibility, local availability, plan and performance needs.
Static IP
An address configured to stay stable, either by a local manual setting or DHCP reservation. A public static address is a separate provider arrangement; stability and reachability also depend on routing and the contract.
Subnet
A range of network addresses treated as one logical IP network. Subnetting can organise addresses, but it does not by itself enforce security separation between device groups.
TCP/IP
The underlying set of rules that lets devices find each other and exchange data over a network or the internet.
Traceroute
A diagnostic tool that probes the path packets take toward a destination. Some routers do not answer probes, so missing hops do not necessarily mean the connection failed.
VLAN
A way to divide one physical Ethernet infrastructure into separate logical broadcast networks. Traffic between VLANs still needs routing and access rules to enforce the intended isolation.
VPN
A service that sends traffic through an encrypted tunnel to a VPN endpoint. Websites may see the endpoint address, but a VPN does not make browsing anonymous or protect against every scam.
WAN vs LAN
A LAN connects devices within a local network; a WAN connects networks across a wider area. A home router commonly links its LAN to an internet provider's WAN.
WiFi 6
A Wi-Fi generation based on IEEE 802.11ax, designed to improve efficiency and capacity in suitable networks. Real speeds depend on both ends of the link, radio conditions, channel width and the wider connection.
WiFi Channel
A defined portion of radio spectrum used by a Wi-Fi network. Selecting a less congested channel can help, but channel width, neighbouring networks and device support also matter.
WiFi Dead Zone
A location where Wi-Fi coverage or usable performance is too weak for the task. Low signal is one cause; interference, congestion or a poor backhaul can also make a seemingly strong signal unreliable.
WiFi Mesh
A system of coordinated Wi-Fi nodes intended to cover a wider area under one network setup. Good placement and a suitable backhaul remain important.
Ad Blocker
A browser extension or built-in feature that blocks selected ads and sometimes tracking requests. Blocking lists and settings vary; an ad blocker cannot remove every scam, tracking method or malicious page.
Antivirus
Software that detects and blocks many known or suspicious malware behaviours. It reduces risk but cannot guarantee that a device is free of every threat.
App Permissions
The access an app has been granted to features or data such as the camera, contacts or location. Review permissions when installing and later in device settings; some features may stop working if a necessary permission is removed.
Backup
A separate, recoverable copy of important data kept independently of the original. Backups should be protected and tested because a copy alone cannot guarantee recovery.
Browser Cache
Copies of web resources that a browser keeps to speed later visits. Clearing the cache can help with stale content but may slow the next load; it does not erase all browsing records or server-held information.
Brute-Force Attack
Repeated automated guesses against a password or other secret. Long unique passwords, rate limits and additional sign-in factors make this harder; some attacks instead try passwords leaked from other services.
Cloud Storage
A service that stores data on a provider's remote systems and lets authorised users access it over a network. Syncing a file is not necessarily the same as keeping an independent backup.
Cookies
Small pieces of site data stored by a browser, commonly used for sessions and preferences. Some cookies can also support cross-site tracking, depending on browser settings and how sites use them.
Data Breach
An incident in which information is exposed, stolen or accessed without authorisation. The affected data and response differ by incident; a breach notice should be checked for what was actually exposed and what action is needed.
DNS Filtering
A policy that blocks or redirects selected domain lookups, often at a device or network resolver. It can reduce access to known unwanted sites but cannot inspect every page or replace other security measures.
Encryption
A method of turning readable data into protected form using a cryptographic key. It helps protect data in transit or at rest when implemented correctly, but access to the key or an unlocked device can still expose the information.
End-to-End Encryption
Encryption designed so only the communicating endpoints can read message content. What metadata a service can still see depends on its specific design.
Firewall
Software or hardware that filters network traffic according to configured rules. It can reduce unwanted connections but does not automatically detect every malicious action.
Firewall (Software)
A device program that allows or blocks network connections according to rules. It may help limit unwanted traffic, but cannot tell whether every allowed website, file or action is safe.
HTTPS
HTTP carried over TLS, which encrypts the connection and helps a browser authenticate the site it reached. HTTPS does not prove that a website or business is trustworthy.
Incognito / Private Browsing
A browser mode that avoids keeping normal local history and site data after the session ends. It does not hide activity from websites, a network operator or an internet provider.
IP Camera Security
Protecting a connected camera with unique credentials, current firmware, limited access and a secured network. Configuration and vendor update support matter as much as the camera model.
Keylogger
Software or hardware that records typed input, potentially including passwords and messages. Detection depends on the method used; protecting the device and accounts matters as well as scanning for malware.
Malware
Software designed to cause harm, steal information, misuse a device or disrupt it. Viruses are one kind of malware; infection routes and symptoms vary, and a slow computer alone does not prove infection.
Man-in-the-Middle Attack
Interception or alteration of communication between parties that believe they are communicating directly. Encryption and certificate checks help prevent many forms of this attack.
Password Manager
An app that helps create and store distinct passwords in a protected vault. Protect the vault with a strong unlock method and available additional authentication, and plan how to recover access if a device is lost.
Phishing
A deceptive message, call or website that tries to make someone reveal information, approve a login, send money or open harmful content. Check requests through a known channel rather than relying on the message’s links or sender display name.
Public WiFi Risk
Shared Wi-Fi can expose users to rogue hotspots, local attacks or unsafe sign-in pages. Using encrypted sites, updates and cautious network selection reduces risk; public Wi-Fi is not automatically unsafe for every task.
Ransomware
Malware that can encrypt or block access to data and demand payment; some attackers also steal data. An independent, tested backup supports recovery, but paying does not guarantee that data or access will be restored.
Recovery Key
A code or secret used to regain access to an encrypted device or account when normal sign-in fails. Its purpose and format vary by service, so store the correct key securely and separately.
Rootkit
Malware or a malicious tool designed to keep privileged access while hiding its activity. Its presence cannot be inferred from one symptom; investigation and recovery depend on the affected system.
Security Patch
A software or firmware update that corrects a known security weakness. Install supported updates promptly after checking their source and compatibility; a patch only addresses the issues it covers.
Social Engineering
Manipulating a person into taking an unsafe action, such as revealing a code, granting access or sending money. It can happen by phone, message or in person, so verify unusual requests through a trusted channel.
Spam Filter
A service or app feature that sorts likely unwanted messages using rules and detection signals. Legitimate mail can be misfiled and harmful messages can get through, so review important folders and treat unexpected links cautiously.
Spyware
Software that collects information about a device or user without appropriate knowledge or permission. What it records and where the data goes depend on the program; removal may require device and account checks.
SSL Certificate
A digital certificate used by TLS to verify a website’s identity and help establish an encrypted connection. The certificate itself does not encrypt every message.
Two-Factor Authentication
A form of multi-factor sign-in that uses two different factor types, such as a password and a security key. The exact protection varies by method; a code that can be relayed to a fake sign-in page is not phishing-resistant.
VPN Kill Switch
A VPN feature intended to block network traffic when the VPN tunnel disconnects. Whether it covers every app and transition depends on the product and its settings.
Zero-Day Vulnerability
A software or hardware weakness for which the affected vendor has had no time to prepare a fix when it becomes known or exploited. Risk depends on exploitability and exposure.
Alarm Zone
A named area or group of sensors within an alarm system, used to identify where an event occurred and to choose how that area is armed. The exact grouping and alert behaviour depend on the alarm panel and setup.
Automation Routine
A saved rule that runs one or more smart-home actions after a trigger such as a time, sensor reading or button press. It works only while its required devices, controller and connections are available.
Chromecast / AirPlay
Google Cast and Apple AirPlay are separate ways to send supported audio or video to compatible TVs and speakers; some setups also support screen mirroring. Check the sender, receiver, app and network requirements for the method you intend to use.
Contact Sensor (Door/Window)
A sensor that reports whether a door or window is open or closed, commonly using a magnet and a paired contact. It reports that state at the fitted location; it does not prove that the whole property is secure.
Dimmer Switch (Smart)
A wall switch that adjusts the brightness of compatible lighting, sometimes through an app or automation. Check the lamp, wiring, load and dimmer ratings before choosing one; not every LED lamp dims well with every switch.
Geofencing
An automation trigger based on a phone or other device entering or leaving a defined area. Its timing and reliability depend on location permissions, device settings and connectivity, so it should not be the sole safeguard for a critical action.
HomeKit / Google Home / Alexa
Smart-home ecosystems that can coordinate supported devices and automations. Compatibility varies by product, protocol and region; one app does not automatically control every brand.
IoT
The Internet of Things describes physical devices that exchange data over a network, such as connected sensors, lights and locks. Some communicate locally through a hub rather than directly over the internet.
Leak Sensor
A sensor that reports water detected at its contact point. Alerts depend on power, network or hub connectivity and correct placement.
Matter Standard
An interoperability standard for supported smart-home devices and controllers. Compatibility depends on the device category, Matter version, certification and the features each ecosystem exposes.
Media Server
Software or a device that organises and serves a personal media library to compatible players on a local network, and sometimes remotely. Playback support depends on file formats, client software, network capacity and any needed transcoding.
Motion Sensor
A sensor that detects movement within its coverage area and can trigger a light, alert or recording. Detection range, false alarms and whether it senses people specifically depend on the sensor and placement.
Multi-Room Audio
A setup that plays music in several rooms, either grouped in time or independently. Synchronisation and available services depend on compatible speakers, software and network conditions.
NVR / DVR
A network video recorder (NVR) commonly records compatible IP-camera streams; a digital video recorder (DVR) commonly records compatible analogue-camera feeds. Storage time depends on drive capacity, camera count, encoding and recording settings.
Scene (Smart Home)
A saved set of device states, such as selected lights and temperature, activated together from an app, button or automation. It depends on the controller and each device being reachable; a scene is different from the trigger that starts it.
Screen Mirroring
Displaying a device’s current screen on another display through a compatible wired or wireless connection. Unlike sending media from a supported app, mirroring also shows on-screen activity and may be affected by delay or content restrictions.
Smart Home Hub
A controller or bridge that coordinates supported smart-home accessories, sometimes across different protocols. The devices and functions it can connect depend on the hub and ecosystem.
Smart Lock
A door lock with electronic control such as a code, app or compatible key. Remote monitoring and access depend on the model, connectivity and installation.
Smart Plug
A mains plug adapter that can switch a connected device through an app or compatible automation. The connected device must be suitable for remote power switching and the plug's electrical rating.
Smart Thermostat
A thermostat with connected scheduling or remote controls for a compatible heating or cooling system. Energy savings and available features depend on the system, installation, settings and use.
Video Doorbell
A doorbell with a camera that can show visitors through a supported app. Alerts, two-way audio, recording and remote access depend on the model, connection, settings and any service plan.
Voice Assistant
Software that interprets spoken requests to provide information or control compatible devices. Supported commands, languages, privacy settings and whether internet access is required vary by platform and device.
Z-Wave
A low-power wireless smart-home protocol that commonly uses regional sub-1 GHz radio bands and can form a mesh with compatible devices. A suitable controller and region-matched products are needed; it is distinct from Zigbee and Wi-Fi.
Zigbee
A low-power wireless networking protocol used by many sensors, lights and controls. Compatible devices can form a mesh through suitable routers, but a matching coordinator or hub and supported device profile may still be needed.
Zigbee vs Z-Wave
Zigbee and Z-Wave are separate low-power smart-home protocols with different radio bands and ecosystems. They do not join one another directly; a hub or bridge must explicitly support each protocol and the particular devices.
A/B Testing
A controlled comparison that assigns visitors to different versions of a page or element and measures a predefined outcome. A meaningful result needs enough data, consistent tracking and attention to unintended effects, not just the version with more clicks in a small sample.
Above the Fold
The content visible before scrolling in a particular viewport. Its boundary changes with device size, browser controls and zoom, so important context and a useful next action should be easy to find without assuming one fixed screen height.
Alt Text
Text alternative that conveys an image’s information or function to someone who cannot see it. Describe the purpose in context; an image used only for decoration normally needs an empty alt attribute rather than a repeated description.
Backlink
A link from another website to a page on yours. A relevant link can help people and crawlers discover useful material; the mere number of inbound links does not establish that a page deserves a particular ranking.
Bounce Rate
In Google Analytics 4, the share of sessions that were not engaged; other analytics products may define bounce rate differently. Check the tool's definition before comparing figures.
Breadcrumb Navigation
A trail of links, usually near the top of a page, showing where it sits within a site's structure.
Call to Action (CTA)
A visible invitation to take a specific next step, such as requesting help or reading a guide. The wording and destination should match what the page offers, and the control should remain understandable without relying on colour alone.
Canonical URL
A signal identifying the preferred URL among duplicate or near-duplicate pages. Search engines may choose a different canonical when other signals disagree.
CMS
Content management system, software that lets you edit a website without writing code.
Conversion Rate
The share of a defined group of visits or users that completes a specified action, such as sending a form. The denominator, attribution window and measurement setup matter; compare like-for-like periods before treating a change as an improvement.
Core Web Vitals
Three user-experience metrics measured on real visits: Largest Contentful Paint (loading), Interaction to Next Paint (responsiveness) and Cumulative Layout Shift (visual stability). A local Lighthouse run helps diagnose problems but is not a field-data pass.
Crawl Budget
A search engine’s practical capacity and willingness to crawl URLs from a site over time. It matters most to very large or frequently changing sites; smaller sites should usually focus first on crawlable links, correct responses and useful pages.
Domain Name
A human-readable name such as example.com that can point people to internet services through DNS. Registering the name does not by itself create a website, provide hosting or prove ownership of the content shown there.
E-commerce
Buying and selling goods or services online, through a website or app.
Favicon
The small icon representing a website in a browser tab or bookmarks list.
GDPR
EU data protection law governing how businesses collect and use personal information.
Google Business Profile
A Google listing that eligible local businesses can claim and verify to manage details shown on Search and Maps. Accurate hours, contact details and service information help customers, but appearance and local position are not guaranteed.
Google Search Console
Google’s site-owner tool for inspecting Search clicks, queries, indexing and technical reports. It can help diagnose discovery or visibility problems, but submitting a URL or sitemap does not guarantee indexing or a particular search result.
H1 / Heading Structure
A page’s headings organise its sections for readers and assistive technology. The H1 normally names the main topic; lower-level headings should follow the content’s structure rather than be chosen only for visual size or repeated keywords.
Landing Page
A page built around a particular visitor need or campaign and a clear next action. It still needs useful, accurate information and a workable route to the rest of the site; a page made only to capture a search phrase adds little value.
Local SEO
Work that helps a genuinely local business present accurate details and relevant local information in search. Google describes relevance, distance and prominence as major local-result factors; optimisation cannot guarantee a top position or justify claiming an unserved area.
Meta Description
An HTML summary of a page that a search engine may use for a result snippet. Google can instead choose text from the page, so the written description is a useful suggestion rather than a guaranteed display. Keep it specific to that page.
Mobile-First Indexing
Google primarily uses a site’s mobile-visible content for indexing. Important text, links, images and structured data should remain accessible on mobile; hiding essential material from a narrow layout can change what Google can understand.
Open Graph Tags
Individual page metadata fields, such as title, description and image, that social platforms may use to build a shared-link preview. The rendered card can differ by platform or cache, so test important links on the actual services used.
Organic Traffic
Visits attributed to unpaid search results rather than advertisements. Analytics tools can classify sessions differently, so compare figures only after checking the tool and tracking setup; traffic alone does not show whether visitors completed a useful task.
Page Speed
How quickly a page presents useful content and responds to people, under real device and network conditions. A single load-time number misses delayed interaction and shifting layout; check loading, responsiveness and stability separately.
Payment Gateway
A service that passes payment details and authorisation requests between an online checkout and payment providers. Its features, responsibilities and fees depend on the chosen provider; a gateway does not by itself settle refunds, taxes or all fraud risks.
Responsive Design
An approach that lets content and controls adapt to the available viewport using flexible layout, media queries and suitable images. The goal is readable, usable pages across screen sizes and zoom levels, not merely a smaller desktop design.
Robots.txt
A file at a site's root that gives crawlers access rules for URL paths. It is not a security control and does not reliably prevent an otherwise discoverable URL from being indexed.
Schema Markup
Structured data that helps search engines understand supported page content. It can make a page eligible for certain search features but does not guarantee a rich result or ranking.
SEO Keywords
Words and phrases people use when searching and that a page may address. They help identify readers’ questions; repeating an exact phrase unnaturally does not guarantee a search position. Write clear answers using the terms people understand.
Sitemap
An organised list of site pages. An HTML sitemap can help visitors navigate; an XML sitemap supplies URLs for crawlers. Neither replaces useful internal links, and listing a page does not guarantee that a search engine will index it.
TLS Certificate
A digital certificate that binds a website domain to a public key, allowing browsers to verify the site and establish a secure TLS connection.
UI (User Interface)
The visual elements a person interacts with on a website or app, buttons, menus, layout and colour.
UX (User Experience)
How easy, clear and pleasant a website or app is to actually use, beyond just how it looks.
Web Hosting
The server space that stores a website's files so it can be reached online.
Website Analytics
Measurement tools that record events such as visits, page views and actions on a site. They help reveal how people reach and use pages, subject to consent, tracking limits and configuration; a dashboard number is not automatically a complete count of people.
1% Lows
A frame-rate statistic based on the slowest one percent of frames in a measured run, often derived from frame times. It can reveal dips hidden by average FPS, but compare results only from the same game scene, settings and calculation method.
Anti-Aliasing
Rendering methods that reduce the jagged appearance of diagonal edges and fine detail. Different methods trade processing cost, sharpness and motion quality differently; the best setting depends on the game, display and graphics hardware.
Bottlenecking (CPU/GPU)
A limit that prevents one part of a gaming system from doing more useful work. A game can be CPU-bound in one scene or setting and GPU-bound in another; an upgrade decision needs measurements from the actual workload rather than a fixed pairing rule.
CPU Bound vs GPU Bound
A CPU-bound game is waiting mainly on processor work such as simulation or draw preparation; a GPU-bound game is waiting mainly on graphics rendering. Resolution, settings and scene complexity can change which side limits frame rate.
DLSS / FSR (Upscaling)
Families of game-rendering techniques that produce a higher-resolution output from a lower-resolution render. Performance and image-quality tradeoffs vary by game, mode, hardware and implementation.
DPI / Sensitivity (Mouse)
Mouse DPI describes sensor counts per inch of physical movement. Cursor or camera movement also depends on operating-system and in-game sensitivity, so two players using the same DPI can still have different effective control.
Esports
Organised competitive video gaming, from local tournaments to professional leagues. Game rules, network conditions and player skill matter; a high-refresh display or faster PC can help in some titles but does not define esports.
Frame Generation
A technique that creates intermediate display frames from rendered frames and motion information. It can improve displayed smoothness but does not replace the responsiveness of a higher native frame rate.
HDR Gaming
Games and displays using a wider brightness and colour range than standard dynamic range when the content, system and monitor support it. The result depends strongly on the display’s actual contrast, brightness and setup; an HDR label alone does not guarantee a better image.
Input Lag
The time from a local input, such as a mouse click, to a visible change on the display. Game processing, graphics rendering and display behaviour all contribute; network delay is an additional factor in online play.
Native Resolution
The fixed pixel grid of a display panel, such as 2560 × 1440. Rendering at that grid avoids one scaling step, but the final sharpness also depends on image quality, display processing and any upscaling method used.
Nvidia Reflex / Low-Latency Mode
A supported NVIDIA game technology designed to reduce system input-to-display latency by coordinating CPU and GPU work. Availability and benefit depend on the game, graphics setup and whether latency is already limited elsewhere.
Peripheral
Any external device connected to a gaming PC, such as a mouse, keyboard, headset or controller.
Ray Tracing
A rendering method that follows simulated light paths to produce effects such as reflections, shadows or indirect lighting. The visual gain and performance cost depend on how a particular game implements it and on the graphics hardware.
Server Tick Rate
The frequency at which a game server updates its simulation. A higher value can reduce some timing errors, but responsiveness also depends on latency, netcode and the game.
Shader Cache
Stored compiled graphics programs that a game or driver can reuse instead of compiling them during play. This may reduce compilation-related pauses, but caches can be rebuilt after game, driver or hardware changes and cannot remove every cause of stutter.
Streaming Bitrate
The amount of encoded video data sent per second during a gameplay stream. A higher setting needs more stable upload capacity; visible quality also depends on the codec, resolution, motion and platform limits.
Ultra-Wide Monitor
A display with a wider aspect ratio than a typical 16:9 monitor. Extra in-game field of view depends on the game's support and settings.
VRAM
Memory available to a graphics processor for textures, frame buffers and other rendering data. A game’s need changes with resolution and settings; enough VRAM avoids some limits, but unused extra capacity does not automatically raise FPS.
VRR (Variable Refresh Rate)
A display feature that adjusts refresh timing to match the graphics source within a supported range. With compatible hardware and settings it can reduce tearing and some stutter; it does not increase the number of frames the game renders.
XMP Profile
A stored memory overclocking profile that sets tested timings and voltage for compatible RAM. Reaching the advertised speed also depends on the processor, motherboard and stability of the full setup.
Bootloader
The small program that starts an operating system after the computer firmware finishes its initial checks. A damaged bootloader can leave the device stuck before Windows, macOS or Linux opens.
Safe Mode
A restricted startup mode that loads only essential drivers and services. It can help isolate software or driver problems, though its exact options depend on the operating system.
Device Manager
The Windows tool for viewing connected hardware, drivers and device errors. A warning icon points to a device issue but does not, by itself, prove the hardware is broken.
Event Viewer
A Windows log viewer for system, application and security events. Timestamps and repeated errors can help diagnose a fault when considered alongside the symptoms.
Bad Sector
A storage area that a drive can no longer read or write reliably. Increasing bad-sector counts may indicate a failing drive and make backup or replacement urgent.
Battery Cycle Count
An estimate of how many full-equivalent charge and discharge cycles a rechargeable battery has completed. It helps assess wear together with measured battery capacity and age.
Battery Health
A measure of how much charge a battery can hold compared with its original design capacity. Runtime also depends on screen brightness, workload and temperature.
Incremental Backup
A backup that saves changes since the most recent backup of any type. It can be quick to create, but restoration may depend on several earlier backup sets.
Differential Backup
A backup that saves changes since the last full backup. It usually grows larger each day until the next full backup, while recovery needs only that full backup and the selected differential set.
Backup Retention
The rule for how long backup versions are kept before deletion. A useful policy preserves enough history to recover from accidental deletion or a problem discovered late.
Recovery Media
A bootable USB drive or other medium used to start a computer when its normal system will not load. It may contain repair tools or access to a saved system image.
Disk Image
A file-based copy of a disk or partition, including its structure and often the operating system. Restoring it can recover an entire machine, provided the image is current and verified.
Offline Backup
A backup that stays disconnected from the device and network except when it is being updated or tested. This can reduce exposure to ransomware and account takeover; the copy still needs protection, rotation and restore checks.
Offsite Backup
A backup stored in a different physical location from the original data. It protects against events such as fire, theft or water damage at the main site.
3-2-1 Backup Rule
A planning rule to keep three copies of important data, on two types of storage, with one copy offsite. It is a starting point: keep at least one copy protected from routine changes and test that the data can actually be restored.
BitLocker
Microsoft drive-encryption technology available on supported Windows editions and devices. Keep the recovery key somewhere safe and separate from the encrypted computer.
FileVault
The built-in macOS feature that encrypts the startup disk. Recovery access should be planned before it is enabled, especially on a shared or business-owned Mac.
SSID
The name a Wi-Fi network broadcasts to nearby devices. Several access points can share an SSID, but that alone does not guarantee smooth roaming or equal coverage.
Channel Width
The amount of radio spectrum a Wi-Fi channel occupies. Wider channels can carry more data in suitable conditions, but may face more interference in crowded areas.
Wi-Fi Interference
Radio activity or physical conditions that disrupt a wireless connection. Nearby networks, appliances, thick walls and poor placement can all reduce reliable throughput.
Wi-Fi Roaming
A device moving between access points while staying on the same network. The client device decides when to switch, so placement and configuration matter.
Band Steering
A network feature that encourages compatible devices to use a more suitable Wi-Fi frequency band. It may improve balance but cannot compensate for weak coverage.
Ethernet Backhaul
A wired Ethernet link connecting access points or mesh units to the network. It often gives more predictable performance than using the same Wi-Fi radio for both clients and the backhaul.
Wireless Backhaul
A radio link between mesh units or access points when a cable is unavailable. Its quality depends on signal strength, interference and whether a dedicated band is used.
Double NAT
A setup in which two routers each translate private addresses, often because one sits behind an internet provider router. It can complicate port forwarding, gaming and remote access.
Outdoor Access Point
A wireless access point designed for installation in an exposed or semi-exposed location. The actual weather rating, mounting, power and cable protection must match the site.
Point-to-Point Link
A dedicated wireless connection between two fixed locations, such as a house and a casita. Clear line of sight and careful antenna alignment are often important.
Line of Sight
An unobstructed path between two wireless antennas. Buildings, trees and terrain can weaken or block a directional link even when the distance seems short.
Site Survey
A measurement visit or study to understand coverage, interference and installation options. It helps place access points based on real rooms and outdoor areas rather than guesswork.
Heat Map
A visual map of wireless signal or performance measurements across a floor plan. It is useful for finding weak areas, although signal alone does not describe every user experience.
Network Segmentation
Separating devices or users into different network zones with controlled access between them. It can keep guest, camera and business traffic apart when configured correctly.
Camera Field of View
The area a camera lens can capture from its installed position. A wider view covers more space but may show less detail of a person at a distance.
Privacy Mask
A camera setting that blocks a chosen portion of the recorded image. It can help avoid capturing a neighbour’s property or other areas outside the intended view.
Recording Retention
The length of time video recordings are kept before automatic deletion. It depends on storage, recording settings and applicable privacy requirements.
Network Video Recorder
A device or software service that receives and stores footage from network cameras. Capacity, access permissions and backup options need to match the camera setup.
Camera Blind Spot
An area outside a camera’s usable view because of its angle, an obstruction or poor lighting. Placement should be checked on site at the times that matter.
Frame Pacing
How evenly game frames reach the display over time. Two systems can report the same average FPS but feel different when one has frequent frame-time spikes.
Search Intent
The purpose behind a search query, such as learning, comparing options or finding a local provider. A useful page answers that purpose clearly rather than repeating a keyword.
Hreflang
An HTML or sitemap annotation that tells search engines which language or regional versions of a page correspond. Every referenced version should be a genuine equivalent with consistent return links.
Semantic HTML
HTML elements chosen for their meaning, such as headings, navigation, buttons and forms. Correct structure helps browsers, assistive technology and maintainers understand a page.
JSON-LD
A format for placing structured data in a webpage as JSON. Search engines can use it to understand eligible content, but markup must reflect information users can actually see.
Crawlability
Whether a search-engine crawler can reach and read a URL and its important content. Robots rules, links, server responses and JavaScript rendering can affect it.
Indexability
Whether a search engine is allowed and able to include a page in its index. A page may be crawlable but excluded by a noindex directive, canonical choice or quality assessment.
Least Privilege
Giving each person or service only the access required for its work. It reduces the damage that a mistaken action or compromised account can cause.
Multi-Factor Authentication
Sign-in using evidence from more than one factor category, such as a password and a device-held key. Methods vary in phishing resistance and recovery options, so protect backup methods and choose stronger options where available.
Remote Desktop
A way to view and control another computer over a network with the owner’s permission. Access should be time-limited, authenticated and closed when the support session ends.
Screen Sharing
Showing the contents of a device screen to someone else during a call or support session. Close private windows and confirm exactly who can view or control the screen before starting.
Authenticator App
An app that generates one-time codes or approves sign-in prompts as an additional authentication method. Codes can still be phished; plan secure transfer or recovery before replacing the phone.
Accessibility Settings
Device options that make text, sound, controls and interaction easier to use. Examples include larger type, contrast adjustments, voice input and keyboard assistance.
Device Transfer
Moving accounts, files, contacts and settings from an old phone or computer to a new one. A backup and an inventory of important apps help prevent data loss during the move.
Smishing
Phishing sent by text message. A message about a parcel, payment or account problem urges you to tap a link or reply. Check the claim in the genuine app or website rather than using the link.
Vishing
Phishing by phone call. The caller pretends to be a bank, support team or authority and pushes you to share codes, install software or move money. Hang up and call back on a number you already trust.
Quishing
Phishing through a QR code. A tampered or unsolicited code leads to a fake page. Read the address your phone shows before opening it and avoid codes from unexpected places.
Spoofing
Faking the apparent source of a message, call or website, such as a caller ID, sender name or web address. A familiar name on the screen therefore does not prove who is really contacting you.
Pretexting
A social-engineering approach that uses an invented but believable story, such as a supplier, colleague or official, to obtain information or action. Verify the request through a separate, known contact route.
Scareware
Fake warnings that claim your device is infected or locked, pushing you to call a number, pay or install software. A browser message cannot genuinely scan your device, so close the page and check with trusted tools.
Business Email Compromise (BEC)
A scam in which criminals imitate or take over a business email account to redirect payments or obtain data. Confirm changes to bank details by phone using a number you already hold.
Credential Stuffing
Automated attempts to sign in using passwords leaked from another service. Reusing a password makes one breach affect several accounts, so use a unique password for each account.
SIM Swapping
Persuading a mobile provider to move your number to a SIM card controlled by someone else, so they can receive your texts and codes. Add a provider PIN and prefer an authenticator app over text-message codes.
Deepfake
Audio, images or video generated or altered by software to look or sound like a real person. Treat an urgent voice or video request for money with caution and confirm it through another trusted channel.
One-time Passcode (OTP)
A short code valid for a single sign-in or action, sent by text or generated in an app. It is meant for you alone, so never read it out to someone who contacted you.
Passkey
A sign-in method that replaces a password with a cryptographic key stored on your device and unlocked with a fingerprint, face or device PIN. It is resistant to phishing because the key only works on the genuine site.
Default Credentials
The factory username and password a device ships with, often shared by many units and easy to find online. Change them during setup, because leaving them in place is one of the commonest ways devices are taken over.
Advance-fee Fraud
A scam that asks you to pay a fee first to release a prize, loan, job, inheritance or recovered money that never arrives. Be wary of unexpected recovery offers and check any payment with your provider directly.
ONVIF
An industry standard that lets compatible IP cameras and recorders from different makers work together. Support varies by model and profile, so check what your devices actually offer before relying on it.
Motion Detection
A camera or sensor feature that reacts when it sees or senses movement, for example to record or send an alert. Zones and sensitivity settings help reduce false alerts from trees, shadows or passing traffic.
Two-way Audio
A camera or doorbell feature with a microphone and speaker so you can listen and talk through the device. Check who can use it, and whether it is switched on, when you review privacy settings.
Local Recording
Saving camera footage on a device you own, such as a memory card or recorder, instead of or alongside a cloud service. It does not by itself decide who can view footage remotely, so check the remote-viewing settings too.
UPnP
Universal Plug and Play lets devices on a network ask the router to open ports automatically. It is convenient, but many security guides advise turning it off unless you need it, because it can open access you did not intend.
Dynamic DNS (DDNS)
A service that keeps a name pointed at an internet address that changes from time to time. It helps you find your connection, but it cannot create a direct path where the provider blocks incoming connections.
IPv6
The newer internet addressing system that provides far more addresses than IPv4. Whether it is available depends on your provider, and firewall rules for IPv6 are separate from those for IPv4.
Bypass Mode
A setting on some internet equipment, including certain Starlink hardware, that turns off its own routing and Wi-Fi so that your own router takes over. Use it only when your replacement router is ready, and follow the guide for your exact kit.
Obstruction Map
A view in the Starlink app that shows parts of the sky blocked by trees, roofs or buildings as seen from the antenna. Use it to compare mounting positions, and remember that a survey before installation is only an estimate.
PoE (Power over Ethernet)
A way to supply power to a device, such as a camera or access point, through the same network cable that carries its data. The switch or injector and the device must support compatible PoE standards.